Pathophysiology Disease Body

Pathophysiology Disease Body Ulcerative colitis. Pathophysiology is the investigation of aggravation of ordinary mechanical, physical and biochemical capacities either brought about by an illness or coming about because of an ailment or strange disorder or condition that may meet all requirements to be known as an infection. Its characterized when something disturbs the ordinary physiology and it enters in to domain. Pathophysiology takes a gander at the point by point breaking down that causes sicknesses. Pathophysiology manages the how the body responds incase of a pathogen in the stomach related framework. Pathophysiology of Ulcerative colitis is the most widely recognized fiery entrail malady influencing the vast majority on the planet and generally in Australia. The incendiary procedure of ulcerative colitis starts at the rectum region of the butt-centric trench and advances proximally to other body parts inside the stomach related framework. In the wake of breaking down my patient, I discovered a few side effects in him which are in ulcerative colitis. They included ; Frequent visit to the latrine with 7-8 visits during the night, looseness of the bowels and the runs advanced to have blood stains, loss of weight by 10 kg, free of craving, he was powerless due to drying out he encountered throb in the legs and this came about to weakness. These are the regular side effects in ulcerative colitis and this patient happened to have the indications after I analyzed him. In a great many people the ailment is bound to the rectum and sigmoid colon. Albeit ulcerative is untreatable, it has long haul incapacitating signs which upset way of life. A portion of the normal signs and indications of this illness fall under two classes that is inward appearance and outer sign. A few instances of the inner sign incorporate; incorporate; aggravation at the base of the sepulcher of lieberkun in the internal organ which is associated with the irritation on the thick coating mass of the rectum it likewise happen to different pieces of the processing track. It is likewise portrayed by reductions and intensifications including the irritation of the rectum and colon. Blood recolored stool with bodily fluid additionally is another indication for ulcerative colitis. Stomach torment, sluggishness and weight reduction, mouth ulcers, disquietude and lack of healthy sustenance, visit looseness of the bowels with little section of blood and purulent bodily fluid, a few people experience fever in the body a few patients may begin retching or have queasiness different patients may encounter torment in the rear-end while passing stool. Incessant agg ravation prompts a trophy, narrowing and shortening of the colon, with loss of its typical haustra. Pseudo polyps, tongue like projections of entrail mucosa into of the gut recovers. The sickness is additionally serious in the rectum and sigmoid colon. Loss of the absorptive mucosal surface and fast colonic travel and this causes huge volumes of watery looseness of the bowels, iron deficiency. A large number of the outer indication might be missed as the indication of Ulcerative colitis instances of outside sign incorporate; joint torment oral injuries, joint inflammation, osteoporosis and skin appearance for example Erythemanodusum. Some other outside sign might be in the eyes and liver. Different signs are anorexia, exhaustion and shortcoming in the body. A few people may have visit to the latrines which can liken to 6 to 10 visits for each day with bleeding stool. Every one of these indications contrast with ordinary wellbeing since when one is solid the individual in question do esn't visit the latrine oftentimes, looseness of the bowels, has blood stool, upchuck or has exhaustion and shortcoming in the body. At the point when the gastrointestinal is ordinary, stomach related framework is additionally acceptable and the colon and rectum work appropriately. Incessant fiery is brought about by unusual gastrointestinal. Gastrointestinal procedure is significant in light of the fact that it fortifies the mucosal coating of the rectum this outcomes to better assimilation of fundamental supplements and thickening of the colon divider. After different meds fizzled, a portion of the obvious impacts of the current prescription (cyclospororine) are; gentle increment in transaminases, thrombocytopenia, and pancytopenia. This recommends the treatment with VGC is compelling against CMV in organ transplant. Likewise the current prescription had weariness issues the body was engaged with a great deal of metabolic procedures and got depleted due to that medicine. This has prompted general vitality misfortune in the body all in all. In spite of the fact that has negative effect on vitality that isn't reflected to weight has weight stayed steady. The patient was not susceptible to the drug and neither of his body parts reacted contrarily to the medicine. Looseness of the bowels has not halted so the patient despite everything regulates predisone medicate in light of the fact that it helps in decreasing the runs. To stay away from a portion of those impacts the patient should medicine that is appropriate to his body. The medic ine I can prescribe to the patient is the current medication on the grounds that in spite of the fact that it has so impacts yet it is helping the patient incredibly. is an immunosuppressant for the treatment of the illness. Cyclosporine goes about as a restraining lymphocyte which is significant for engendering of aggravation. Aside from other immunosuppressive operator, this medicine doesn't stifle the action of other hamatopoetic cells References

Human Beings and Their Control Over Nature in the Twentieth Century Ess

Individuals and Their Control Over Nature in the Twentieth Century Since the commencement of western progress, humankind has had a proceeding with relationship with nature and the earth. Progress has improved the manner by which individuals utilize regular assets and the manners by which they cooperate to improve the personal satisfaction. Advancements in science and innovation of the twentieth-century have enormously improved the way that people associate. As the mechanical headways of the twentieth-century advanced from the disclosure of immunizations to PC age innovation, people have figured out how to take a lot of authority over their lives and the earth when contrasted with the past, in which people had next to no power over nature. These movements have had positive and negative consequences for society. Decidedly, clinical research has had the option to permit humankind to extend life range and improve crafted by hereditary qualities. Science has associated the globe through PC innovation. The negative parts of movement have some sweeping out comes, for example, new types of colonialism, the nuclear bomb, and annihilation of the earth. During the eighteenth and nineteenth hundreds of years, poor everyday environments and illness tormented western development. Europeans had little authority over their condition. The Old Regime lifestyle caused a dread of progress and better approaches for believing were typically denounced. The economy of means mirrored the general viewpoint of society. Practically zero development occurred. The mentality during this timeframe was, truth be told, Ã ¬better safe than sorryã ®. Upgrades, nonetheless, were made during the Industrial Revolution and all through the twentieth centur... .... 9. Rogers 524. 10. Rogers 524. 11. Rogers 528. 12. Rogers 385. 13. Rogers 535. 14. Rogers 382. 15. Donald Kagan, et al, The Western Heritage Brief Edition Volume II: Since 1648 (Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1996) 697. 16. Kagan 747. 17. Kagan 747. Reference index - Riehl, Nikolaus and Frederick Seitz. Stalin's Captive: Nikolaus Riehl and the Soviet Race for the Bomb. The United States of America: American Chemical Society and the Synthetic Heritage Foundation, 1996. This book generally subtleties the encounters of the researcher, Nikolaus Riehl, who went through 10 years as a hostage of the Soviet Union. He took a shot at the creation of unadulterated uranium for the Soviet atomic bomb program. This identifies with the subject of Human Beings and Their Control Over Nature concerning the creation of atomic weapons.

How to Make Pens With Red, White and Blue Colored Pens

How to Make Pens With Red, White and Blue Colored PensThere are many ways to write patriotic writing paper for the kids and adults to use. You can write the good and uplifting messages on patriotic paper to be used by your family and friends as a gift or for office and school work. These patriotic paper is easy to make and even easier to use, you can do this even at home without much effort and use in less than half an hour.First of all, you can prepare these patriotic writing paper using decorative paper or flour paper. To make patriotic writing paper with ornaments, start by cutting the paper to the size of the ornament or the decoration will not be placed well. After that, you can use a glue to stick the decoration to the paper with paste or dough. Then, add the colors with pencils and make some gradations with different colors.After that, you need to cut some of the plain paper to make the pattern or letters. Add small dots of color, as small as dots of color that fits to the pat tern. After you made those dots of color, trim the piece of paper so it can be good and readable. Put the filling for the pattern in the strips of paper and use them to add a border on the paper.Next, you can use the patriotic writing paper for creating graphics and patterns on the patriotic paper. For example, you can make a logo of your favorite football team or cartoon characters that is fit to the theme of the paper. You can make stamps or have some patterns in the stamp that you want to make for you and your loved ones.On the other hand, you can also use a cartoon character or pictures that you like, such as Disney characters or other favorites that you like, to create your patriotic drawings. Adding some photos to the design can be very creative, you can add your own photo and some other photo of your family, you can add images from your favorite country to your drawing. Just add one picture or photo from another country and just add it into the whole drawing to make more arti stic impression.After that, you can have some kind of paper to do the printing of the design. Here, the first impression is the most important, so you need to choose the right printing paper to print the design in the paper. You can use any kind of paper, such as acid-free or regular paper for printing the design.For printing, you can use normal printer or a laser printer, just choose the type of printing to use for printing the design. Besides, you can also print it using copier and Xerox machines if you want to print your design at home. If you want to buy the paper for your own personal use, you can buy the cheaper paper or the nicer paper that you like to buy.After that, you can add colorful border on the paper and put in some finishing touches like colored pencils to create the shape of patriotic writing paper. You can also use some stamps or some stickers to create the pattern on the paper. All you need is to do the basic steps and you can create your own patriotic writing pap er for your family and friends to enjoy and use.

Parenting Mistakes in Amy Tans Two Kinds - 663 Words

Parenting mistakes: Amy Tans Two Kinds In Amy Tans story Two Kinds, excerpted from the authors longer novel The Joy Luck Club, a Chinese-American daughter Jing-mei (June) is forced to play the piano, because her mother is determined that her daughter must become a prodigy at something. Rather than responding to her daughters needs and interests, Suyuan Woo instead imposes her own emotional needs upon her daughter. In the intensely competitive environment of the Chinese-American community where the Woos reside, Suyuan is eaten up with jealousy at Waverly Jong, a chess prodigy who is a local celebrity. Suyuan is not particularly interested in the piano, but she wants June to excel at something, and after seeing a Chinese-American girl perform on the Ed Sullivan Show, she obtains lessons for her daughter. Imposing an interest upon her daughter, regardless of her daughters aptitude or inclination is Suyuans first mistake. Her second mistake is stressing that her daughter must excel at this new endeavor. Merely trying her bes t is not enough: she wants June to be perfect. This is despite the fact that even many talented individuals were not prodigies when they first attempted their art, sport, or activity. June feels so pressured she decides to give up even before she really tries because her mothers standards are so high. Also, because music is imposed upon June like a school assignment, she derives no joy from practicing. Suyuan believes she can bully herShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Ideal Parent1070 Words   |  5 PagesThe Ideal Parent Many kids complain about their parents. I hear it all the time from all kinds of kids who come from all sorts of different backgrounds. It seems in the world today parents get all the negative attention, and it seems like all the good they do go unnoticed by the public. Two different kinds of mothers were presented in the stories Two Kinds by Amy Tan, and I Stand Here Ironing by Tillie Olsen. Sometimes children complain about their mothers, each wishing they couldRead MoreEssay about Richard Russos Dog and Amy Tans Two Kinds922 Words   |  4 Pages Richard Russos Dog and Amy Tans Two Kinds are stories that illustrate the negative impacts parents sometimes have on their children and the unintended consequences that occur as a result of their parenting. In Dog, Henry Devereaux grows into an adult who has difficulty connecting emotionally with others, a man who is not easy, and though entertaining, is not comforting. In Two Kinds, Jing-mei was a failure many times over in her m others eyes, finally dropping out of college and only

Saloon Culture Essay - 1528 Words

Saloon Culture Analytical Critique Writing Assignment HY 121 Spring 2005 Royal Melendy writes about a rising social culture taking place at the turn of the twentieth century. He depicts this culture as the ambiance emitted in early Chicago saloons. Saloons served many roles for the working-class during this period of American history, and were labeled as the poor mans social clubs (summary of saloon culture, pg. 76). Saloons were described as part of the neighborhood. An institution recognized and familiar to its people. Many laws restricted their services; however, they continued to exist. The article talks about two types of saloons. The first being the more upscale in downtown districts. These would close around midnight not†¦show more content†¦They supplied beer, varieties of meats and vegetables in abundance as to out due restaurants and other brewing establishments, and to mark the minds of its patrons with picturesque buffet and remind them of what their own barren cupboards held. During this time competition between brewing companies wa s fierce and many were able to provide these services because These companies own a very large number of the saloons in Chicago. Thus the cost of not only the beer, but the meat, bread, and vegetables, bought in vast quantities, is greatly reduced, (Melendy). Saloons also served as an employment function. In some neighborhoods saloons were instituted around specific labor practices. Some pubs boasted this in the very name of the institution. The significance of these names is this: Men of the same trade, having common interests, make the saloon that represents their interests their rendezvous. To the Stonecutters Exchange, for example, men seeking stonecutters often apply (Melendy). Many of those seeking employment in particular trades could depend on the exchanges that went on in many of these saloons. These meeting places emitted a brotherhood among its customers, not one that was spoken of, or celebrated, but felt in the spirit and the men knew they could count on aid when needed . Grateful is he to the saloon that was his friend in need; bitter toward those who, without offering anything better, propose to take from him the onlyShow MoreRelated Saloon Culture Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pages Saloon Culture nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Royal Melendy writes about a rising social culture taking place at the turn of the twentieth century. He depicts this culture as the ambiance emitted in early Chicago saloons. â€Å"Saloons served many roles for the working-class during this period of American history, and were labeled as the poor man’s social clubs† (summary of saloon culture, pg. 76). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Saloons were described as part of the neighborhood. An institution recognizedRead MoreProhibition and the Effect on America756 Words   |  3 Pagesthe fact that the action taken by the federal government in order to form a better society has led to an explosion of criminal offences in the past as well as today. The effects of prohibition consistently offer a hand in the shaping of American culture. Full-fledged black markets and organized crime groups both offset the supposed benefits of prohibition. Today, teenagers often turn to the underage consumption of alcohol to make them seem â€Å"cool,† or as a form of rebellion against parental and governmentalRead MoreMidterm 1 Study Guide- incomplete Essay897 Words   |  4 Pagescolonial America? What does Nancy Struna mean by the â€Å"leisure preference,† and how does she believe it influenced attitudes about sport, recreation, and play in Anglo-America in the 1600s and 1700s? Be aware of sig nificant regional differences in the culture, economy, and labor regimes of colonial America and how these differences influenced attitudes about work and play. What were the basic religious tenets and social values of Puritanism, and how did they shape attitudes about work and play in bothRead MoreInfluenced by Land and Man: Willa Cather and Catherine Porter, Writers of the Southwest1316 Words   |  6 Pages Cowboys and Indians come to mind for many people when the idea of Southwestern literature is presented. 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In Catherine Murdock’s book Domesticating Drink she argues that these elements of saloon culture, exclusivity, inebriety, and violenceRead MoreRaising Drinking Or The Sale Of Alcohol1474 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals in industrialized countries like America live longer and healthier lives, these contradictory cultural views about the respectability of drinking may need to be re-examined from a historical lens. More specific elements of America’s drinking culture are examined within the intellectual history paradigm, yet the discussion is mostly of historical contributions.On a personal level, alcohol has cultivated bonds of friendship and community based on the similarity of livelihoods, national heritagesRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered1117 Words   |  5 Pagesalcohol plays in our society. Through research and analyzation one can come to the conclusion that a lowered legal drinking age is not the answer. The legal drinking age should not be lowered to 18 because the history of alcohol in the United States, culture of intoxication, and negative effects of alcohol consumption show that a lowered drinking age would not benefit society. The legalization of alcohol in the United States dates back to 1836 when the first national temperance society was formed. TheRead More The Use of Alcohol in Society Essay examples2058 Words   |  9 Pagesor the values set in place in their society? Every society has its own views on how the consumption of alcohol should be handled and regulated. Their differences create a trickle effect of how it is used, and is distinctive to that culture or society. Many cultures drinking habits go hand in hand with religion, and social customs. Drinking alcohol is in many cases a part of extensive learned tradition, where people pride themselves with their ability to hold their liquor. In countries where alcoholRead MoreStonewall Riots Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagescommunity had grown weary of the police targeting gay clubs and bars. Many of these establishments had already been shut down. Like many of the gay bars and clubs that were previously shut down, establishments such as Stonewall were considered illegal saloons. Often, raids would happen once a month. Owners of the bars were usually tipped off about the raids beforehand. Often, raids happened early enough that business could continue after the raids were finished. Many bars kept s ecret stashes of liquorRead MoreTwg Marketing4092 Words   |  17 Pagesnew varieties of tea from every season and collaborated with the world’s most renowned estates. China is identified as one of the strong future growth opportunity for TWG Tea. They are one of the few countries who have established a tea drinking culture and customs. Tea is part of the Chinese customs and lifestyle. The fast and expanding economic growth in China has led to a high disposable income among the people and they are gradually moving up from the middle class to the upper class. Hence, luxury

The Urban Health Problem Of Diabetes Among African...

This paper tackled about the urban health problem of diabetes among African Americans. It was discovered that diabetes is one of the most common health problems being experienced by African Americans, and the impact of diabetes on African Americans is disproportionate. The absence of health care was revealed to be a huge factor in the emergence of diabetes and other urban health problems among African Americans. Diabetes pertains to a group of illnesses that is characterized by an unusually increased amount of glucose in the blood of the person. Because of this, the person experiences problems in the shortage of insulin. This disease can result to significant complications that can even kill the person who has this condition. However, the good news is that diabetic people can be able to do certain measures to make sure that they are able to manage this disease and reduce the possibility that more complications would emerge. Diabetes is actually one of the primary causes of mortality and incapacity in America, and the overall expenses connected to the treatment of this disease is estimated to around the $200 billion every year. This paper will discuss the urban health problem of diabetes among African Americans. There are three different types of diabetes that affects African Americans. The first is Type 1 diabetes, which runs in the history of the family (Baptiste-Roberts, 2007). This is caused by a malfunctioning immune system, which annihilates the beta cells that areShow MoreRelatedA Research on Obesity and Diabetes Plaguing African-American Women656 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿LITERATURE SEARCH 0 Literature search: Research on African-American women, obesity and diabetes Setse, R., Grogan, R., Cooper, L., Strobino, D., Powe, N., Nicholson, W. (2008). Weight loss programs for urban-based, postpartum African-American women: perceived barriers and preferred components. Maternal Child Health Journal, 12(1), 119-127. Abstract (from CINHAL) There are currently 1.85 million reproductive-aged women in the United States with diabetes or glucose intolerance. While it is known thatRead MoreDiabetes Among Ethnic Minorities And The Aging Population1420 Words   |  6 PagesThe high number of reported new cases of diabetes yearly among ethnic minorities and the aging population is alarming. According to a report by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National diabetes Statistics Report in 2014, diabetes is high among minorities; 15.9% American Indian/Alaska Native, 13.2% African American and 12.8% Hispanics. This is consistent with the community I worked with during the first part of my clinical rotation. The community of Casa de Merced in TollesonRead MoreType II Diabetes Mellitus ( Dm )1745 Words   |  7 PagesType II Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that influences the physical and social aspects of life for millions of people living in New York City (NYC). The excess accumulation of glucose i n the blood caused by this disease can lead to the breakdown of many organs in the human body leading to increased hospitalizations and mortality. Although diabetes is a manageable disease given the appropriate care and education, the disease and its complications disproportionately affect African-AmericansRead MoreChildren And Type 2 Diabetes1533 Words   |  7 PagesChildren and Type 2 Diabetes Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been reported with increased frequency over the last twenty years in adolescents and children in the United States. As a result of T2DM glucose metabolism within the body of affected adolescents and children is severely compromised. Formerly known as adult onset and/or insulin resistant diabetes T2DM occurs due to the cell inability to properly use insulin which then results in lowered secretion of insulin as well as insulin resistanceRead MoreThe Low Country Healthy Start Program1503 Words   |  7 Pagesprogram is designed to eliminate disparities in perinatal health, improve birth outcomes, and quality of life in African american women and infants living in Allendale, Bamberg, Hampton, and Orangeburg counties. The Low County healthy start program propositions four purposes (1) Eliminate disparities in perinatal health by focusing on individual health behaviors and assisting women of child bearing age improve their health and the health of thei r families, (2) Increase responsiveness to women andRead MoreThe Vulnerability of African Americans to Heart Disease1347 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican Americans and Heart Disease in the United States Name: Professor: Institution: Course: Date: Introduction The American Medical Journal explains that the heart disease is one of the deadliest medical conditions. Medical experts reckon that heart disease is a lifestyle disease, which emanates from excessive consumption of the wrong dietary combination. Foods such as fats and carbohydrates often expose individuals to the threat of heart disease. 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In 2008, there were 200 million males and nearly 300 million females who were obese and approximately 42 million children, five years and under, were obese in 2013 (World Health Organization Factsheet 311, 2014). First Lady Michelle Obama launched her LET’S MOVE! initiativeRead MoreWindshield Survey1420 Words   |  6 PagesWindshield Survey was, Sunnyvale, Texas, where I resided for the past 7 years. Windshield survey is conducted to observe the health of the community and its members. The factors affecting health is collected and community health nurses intervene to create a difference either to the entire community or its members. Community assessment helps identify community needs, clarify problems, and identify strengths and resources 351. Even though I lived and worked in this community, I have noticed many disturbingRead MoreCommunity Clinical Linkages ( Ccl )1145 Words   |  5 Pages Community clinical linkages (CCL) are critical approaches for improving population health in the United States. According to Starfield (1996) the â€Å"unstable coexistence between public health and medicine has not been beneficial to improving the health of the US population† (para.2). Despite the passage of the Affordable Care Act and its thrust to connect the clinical and community sectors, in 2016, these sectors continue to operate in silos. (CDC Practitioners Guide, 2016, Starfield, 1998, ACA, 2010)

Decrease Overall Average Costs Associated †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Decrease Overall Average Costs Associated? Answer: Introducation Economies of scale refer to the advantages that accrue to a company due to the increase in the scale of production. The overall aim of expanding production is to increase output with a decrease in the overall average costs associated. The low costs enable the firm to operate in production efficiency which allows them competitive advantage in production. This allows for lower prices and higher profits in turn since the costs of production are low. Since in the long run all factors of production are varied, there are no fixed or variable costs. Therefore the benefits of economies of scale can only be experienced in the long run. The long run cost curve represents the economies of scale. When the curve slopes downwards, there are decreasing returns to scale, when the LRAC is 1 there are constant returns to scale and when the LRAC has a positive gradient there are increasing returns to scale. Returns to scale means the rate at which the marginal cost increases relative to the unit output produced. The LRAC is drawn based on the areas of tangency between the SRAC and the LRAC. There are internal and external economies of scale which are derived from the long term growth of the firm itself. For example learning by doing, specialization, monopsony power and networks created. Also the firm derives managerial economies of scale through increased investment in human capital. Also there are external economies of scale that include better research and development as well as a logistics network. These are benefits that occur outside a firm but within the industry. Diseconomies of Scale Diseconomies of scale occur when the marginal costs of producing output are higher than the actual profits that are obtained from the increase in production scale. When the LRAC slopes upwards, the diseconomies of scale begin increasing. Some examples of the diseconomies of scale compose of administrative issues, medical care as well as insurance for the employees that were engaged in order to increase the scale of production. ZTL limited is a car garage and repair company that has been in business for the last 5 years. Initially the company had three main workers but as time grew it had to hire more employees. The company was able to satisfy more clients and grow its revenues. It however was important for the company to hire more management employees in order to deal with the HR issues of the employees. Income elasticity of demand refers to how sensible the quantity demanded of a specific good is to any change in real income of consumers accounting purchase the good, with the other factors remaining constant. The formula for calculating income elasticity of demand is simple. It is found by dividing the percentage change in the quantity demanded by the percentage change in income (Khan 2012). Income elasticity of demand is often used to establish if a specific good represents a luxury or a necessity depending on its values or type. A positive income elasticity of demand represent normal, or necessity goods as the value is between zero and one and consumers will purchase them regardless of the change in their real income, for example, electricity and water. A negative income elasticity of demand, on the other hand, represents inferior goods and their demand decreases as the consumer real income increases for example margarine, a cheaper substitute for butter. The income elasticity of demand linked to luxury goods in greater than one and consumers purchase depending on how much their real income changes, for example, designer cars and jewelry. Cross price elasticity of demand evaluates how much change the demand for a specific good will experience as a result of a change in the price of another good. Cross-price elasticity of demand looks at the connection between two products, good or service by capturing the response of the quantity required for one product to an alteration in the price of another product. Its formula is equal to the percentage change in the quantity demanded of product A divided by the percentage change in the price of product B (Deaton 1987). A negative cross-price elasticity of demand represents complementary products; for example, if the demand for cars increases then the demand for fuel of increases and if the price of the complement decreases then the demand for the other good will go up. A positive cross-price elasticity of demand, on the other hand, represents two substitute products. For instance, if there is an increase in the price of coffee then consumers will buy more tea and less coffee. As for independent products, the cross-price elasticity of demand as a value of Zero as an alteration in the price of one product does not affect the demand of the other. According to the kinked curved model of an oligopoly, each company deals with two market demand curves of any of its products (Masking Tirole 1988). When the price is high the demand curve will be relatively elastic and when it is low demand will be relatively inelastic; when the two intersects the kinked?demand curve is shown. The kinked-demand curve is a characteristic of oligopolistic because of the type of competition coming from the other oligopolies in the market. In case of an increase in price oligopolies usually do not copy each but in the case of a decrease, they usually copy other. For example, in the auto industry, if Ford increases the prices of its products, GMC will not follow with an increase in the price of its products. But if GMC was to decrease the price of its products Ford will follow immediately with a decrease of its own. Reference list Deaton, A.1987. Estimation of own- and cross-price elasticities form household survey data. Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 36. Available from: https://www.princeton.edu/~deaton/downloads/Estimating_Own_and_Cross_Price_Elasticities.marketing . [13 September 2017]. Khan, S. 2012. Income Elasticities of Demand for major consumption items. Case study of Kashmir University Teachers. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Vol. 2. Avialable from: https://www.ijsrp.org/research_paper_jun2012/ijsrp-June-2012-85.pdf . [13 September 2017]. Masking, E Tirole, J. 1988. A theory of dynamic oligopoly, II: Price competition, kinked demand curves, and Edgeworth cycles. Econometrica, vol. 56, no. 3. Available https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/maskin/files/a_theory_of_dynamic_oligopoly_ii_price_competition_kinked_demand_curves_and_edgeworth_cycles.pdf . [13 September 2017].